890, but in light of this paper’s findings, its history may be pushed further back in time. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s account c.
Critically, a broad array of materials are suitable for palaeoproteomic analysis, including bone (Buckley et al., 2009 Cappellini et al., 2012 Cleland et al., 2015Cleland et al.,, 2016Welker et al., 2015b), antler (Von Holstein et al., 2014 Ashby et al., 2015), mollusc shell (Sakalauskaite et al., 2020), eggshell (Demarchi et al., 2019), ivory (Coutu et al., 2016), dentine and enamel (Cappellini et al., 2019 Welker et al., 2019), dental calculus (Warinner et al., 2014 Bleasdale et al., 2021 Wilkin et al., 2021), leather (Brandt et al., 2014), parchment (Fiddyment et al., 2015), hair (Solazzo et al., 2013), textiles (Gong et al., 2016), ceramic residues (Solazzo et al., 2008), and preserved food remains (Yang et al., 2014).ĭuring the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Protein-based methods are not new in archaeology (Abelsen, 1954 Hare and Abelsen, 1968 Newman and Julig, 1989 Johnson and Miller, 1997 Ostrom et al., 2000 Kooyman et al., 2001 Buckley et al., 2009Buckley et al.,, 2011Cappellini et al., 2014) however, methodological improvements over the past decade Van der Sluis et al., 2014 McGrath et al., 2019) have seen their increasing application to a wide range of archaeological, human evolutionary, and art historical questions (for a more in-depth review about the historical perspective of ancient protein-based methods and their applications, please see Buckley (2018) Welker (2018) Villanova and Porcar (2019) Hendy (2021), and references therein). We consequently suggest that urbanism is more appropriately defined and researched in terms of network dynamics than as a function of circumscribed catchment areas or hinterlands.
Long-range networks were vital to urban activities from the first appearance of towns in this part of the world, preceding the historically documented maritime expansion of the Viking Age. The results demonstrate that the common conceptual distinction between urban hinterlands and long-distance trade conceals a vital continuity. It documents the early use of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antler, from the 780s AD at the latest, presenting the earliest unambiguous evidence for exchange-links between urban markets in the southern North Sea region and the Scandinavian Peninsula.
The research incorporates the largest application of species identification by peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) to a mediaeval artefact assemblage: specifically to collections of antler combs, comb manufacturing waste, and raw antler from Ribe, Aarhus, and Aggersborg. This paper presents the results of the use of a minimally destructive biomolecular technique to explore the resource networks behind one of the first specialized urban crafts in early mediaeval northern Europe: the manufacture of composite combs of deer antler.
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